Ku-“The Invisible City” yomlobi wase-Italy uCalvino kunalesi sigwebo: “Idolobha lifana nephupho, konke okungacatshangwa kungaphupha …”
Njengendalo enkulu yamasiko esintu, idolobha liphethe isifiso sesintu sempilo engcono. Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, kusukela kuPlato kuya kuMore, abantu bebelokhu befisa ukwakha indawo yokuhlala eyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, ngandlela thile, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha amasha ahlakaniphile kuseduze kakhulu nokuba khona kwamaphupho abantu empilo engcono.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngaphansi kwentuthuko esheshayo yengqalasizinda entsha yaseShayina kanye nesizukulwane esisha sobuchwepheshe bolwazi njenge-Internet of Things, ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile kuyaqhubeka, futhi idolobha lamaphupho elingakwazi ukuzwa nokucabanga, ukuthuthuka kanye nokushisa liya ngokuya liba ngokoqobo.
Iphrojekthi yesibili ngobukhulu emkhakheni we-IoT: Amadolobha Ahlakaniphile
Amaphrojekthi emizi ehlakaniphile kanye nemizi ehlakaniphile abe ngenye yezindlela okuxoxwe ngazo kakhulu, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngendlela enenjongo nehlanganisiwe ye-Intanethi Yezinto, idatha kanye nokuxhumana, kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezixazululo kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe.
Amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile ahlelelwe ukwanda kakhulu njengoba ehambisana noshintsho oluvela kumaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile lesikhashana kuya emadolobheni okuqala ahlakaniphile eqiniso. Eqinisweni, lokhu kukhula kwaqala eminyakeni embalwa edlule futhi kwashesha ngo-2016. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kulula ukubona ukuthi amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile angenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili ze-IoT ekusebenzeni.
Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kombiko oshicilelwe yi-IoT Analytics, inkampani yaseJalimane yokuhlaziya i-IoT, amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile ayiphrojekthi yesibili ngobukhulu ye-IoT ngokwesabelo somhlaba wonke samaphrojekthi e-IoT, ngemuva komkhakha we-inthanethi. Futhi phakathi kwamaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile, uhlelo lokusebenza oludumile kakhulu ezokuthutha ezihlakaniphile, lulandelwe yizinsiza ezihlakaniphile.
Ukuze abe idolobha elihlakaniphile “langempela”, amadolobha adinga indlela ehlanganisiwe exhumanisa amaphrojekthi futhi ihlanganise idatha namapulatifomu amaningi ukuze kutholakale zonke izinzuzo zedolobha elihlakaniphile. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ubuchwepheshe obuvulekile namapulatifomu edatha evulekile kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuthuthela esigabeni esilandelayo.
I-IDC ithi amapulatifomu edatha evulekile ngo-2018 ayimingcele elandelayo engxoxweni yokuba yipulatifomu ye-IoT. Nakuba lokhu kuzobhekana nezingqinamba ezithile futhi kungekho okukhulunywa ngakho ngqo ngamadolobha ahlakaniphile, kusobala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulatifomu edatha evulekile anjalo ngokuqinisekile kuzobonakala kakhulu endaweni yedolobha elihlakaniphile.
Lokhu kuthuthuka kwedatha evulekile kukhulunywa ngakho ku-IDC FutureScape: 2017 Global IoT Forecast, lapho inkampani ithi ohulumeni bendawo nabezifunda abafinyelela ku-40% bazosebenzisa i-IoT ukuguqula ingqalasizinda efana nezibani zasemgwaqweni, imigwaqo kanye nezimpawu zomgwaqo zibe yizimpahla, kunokuba kube yizikweletu, ngo-2019.
Yiziphi izimo zohlelo lokusebenza lwedolobha elihlakaniphile?
Mhlawumbe asicabangi ngokushesha ngamaphrojekthi ezemvelo ahlakaniphile kanye namaphrojekthi okuxwayisa ngezikhukhula ahlakaniphile, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuthi abalulekile kumaphrojekthi edolobha ahlakaniphile. Isibonelo, lapho ukungcola kwemvelo yasemadolobheni kubekwa inselelo, khona-ke lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokwakha amaphrojekthi edolobha ahlakaniphile, njengoba anganikeza izinzuzo ezisheshayo neziwusizo ezakhamuzini.
Yiqiniso, izibonelo zedolobha elihlakaniphile ezithandwa kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukupaka okuhlakaniphile, ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile, ukukhanyisa imigwaqo okuhlakaniphile kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza okuhlakaniphile. Lokho kusho ukuthi, la macala avame ukuhlanganisa inhlanganisela yokusebenza kahle, ukuxazulula izinkinga zasemadolobheni, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa impilo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, nokubeka izakhamuzi kuqala ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene.
Okulandelayo ezinye zezimo zohlelo lokusebenza noma izindawo eziphathelene namadolobha ahlakaniphile.
Izinsizakalo zomphakathi, njengezinsizakalo zomphakathi, izinsizakalo zezokuvakasha, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, ubuwena kanye nokuphathwa, kanye nezinsizakalo zolwazi.
Ukuphepha komphakathi, ezindaweni ezifana nokukhanya okuhlakaniphile, ukuqapha imvelo, ukulandelela impahla, ukuqapha, ukuqapha ngevidiyo kanye nokusabela eziphuthumayo
Ukusimama, okuhlanganisa ukuqapha imvelo, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okuhlakaniphile kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha, amandla ahlakaniphile, ukulinganisa okuhlakaniphile, amanzi ahlakaniphile, njll.
Ingqalasizinda, okuhlanganisa ingqalasizinda ehlakaniphile, ukuqapha impilo yesakhiwo sezakhiwo nezikhumbuzo, izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, ukunisela okuhlakaniphile, njll.
Ezokuthutha: imigwaqo ehlakaniphile, ukwabelana ngezimoto okuxhunyiwe, ukupaka okuhlakaniphile, ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile, ukuqapha umsindo nokungcola, njll.
Ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kwemisebenzi nezinsizakalo zedolobha elihlakaniphile ezindaweni ezifana nokunakekelwa kwempilo okuhlakaniphile, imfundo ehlakaniphile, ukubusa okuhlakaniphile, ukuhlela okuhlakaniphile, kanye nedatha ehlakaniphile/evulekile, okuyizinto ezibalulekile ezivumela amadolobha ahlakaniphile.
Okungaphezu nje kwedolobha elihlakaniphile elisekelwe “kubuchwepheshe”
Njengoba siqala ukuthuthela emadolobheni ahlakaniphe ngempela, izinketho eziphathelene nokuxhumana, ukushintshaniswa kwedatha, amapulatifomu e-IoT, nokuningi kuzoqhubeka nokukhula.
Ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziningi zokusetshenziswa njengokuphathwa kwemfucuza ehlakaniphile noma ukupaka okuhlakaniphile, i-stack yobuchwepheshe be-IoT yezinhlelo zokusebenza zedolobha elihlakaniphile zanamuhla ilula futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Izindawo zasemadolobheni ngokuvamile zinesembozo esihle se-wireless sezingxenye ezihambayo, kunamafu, kunezixazululo zamaphuzu nemikhiqizo eyenzelwe amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile, futhi kukhona ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi enamandla aphansi (i-LPWAN) emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke okwanele izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.
Nakuba kunesici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe kulokhu, kunokuningi kakhulu ngamadolobha ahlakaniphile kunalokho. Umuntu angaxoxa nangokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi “ukuhlakanipha”. Ngokuqinisekile, eqinisweni eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu neliphelele lamadolobha ahlakaniphile, kumayelana nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezakhamuzi nokuxazulula izinselele zabantu, umphakathi kanye nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni.
Ngamanye amazwi: amadolobha anemiklamo yedolobha elihlakaniphile ephumelelayo awabonisi ubuchwepheshe, kodwa kunalokho imigomo efinyelelwe ngokusekelwe embonweni ophelele wendawo eyakhiwe kanye nezidingo zabantu (kufaka phakathi izidingo ezingokomoya). Empeleni, vele, izwe ngalinye kanye namasiko kuhlukile, yize izidingo eziyisisekelo zivame kakhulu futhi zihilela imigomo yokusebenza neyebhizinisi.
Okuyinhloko yanoma yini ebizwa ngokuthi i-smart namuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, ama-smart grid noma amadolobha ahlakaniphile, ukuxhumana nedatha, okuvunyelwe ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene futhi okuhunyushwe ekuhlakanipheni okusekela ukwenza izinqumo. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuxhumana kumane kuyi-Internet yezinto; imiphakathi exhunyiwe kanye nezakhamuzi okungenani zibaluleke ngendlela efanayo.
Njengoba kunezinselele eziningi zomhlaba wonke ezifana nokuguga kwabantu nezinkinga zesimo sezulu, kanye “nezifundo ezifundwe” kulolu bhubhane, kusobala ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuphinda uhlole injongo yamadolobha, ikakhulukazi njengoba ubukhulu bezenhlalo kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila kuzohlala kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lwe-Accenture olubheka izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezigxile kwizakhamuzi, oluhlole ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha okuhlanganisa ne-Internet of Things, luthole ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi empeleni kwakuyinto ephambili ohlwini. Njengoba i-infographic yocwaningo ibonisa, ukuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwabasebenzi nakho kwakuphezulu (80%), futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuxhunyiwe kuholele emiphumeleni ebonakalayo.
Yiziphi izinselele zokufinyelela idolobha elihlakaniphe ngempela?
Nakuba amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile esevuthiwe futhi amasha eqaliswa futhi esetshenziswa, kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba sikwazi ukubiza idolobha ngokuthi “idolobha elihlakaniphile”.
Amadolobha ahlakaniphile anamuhla ayindlela yombono kunokuba yindlela ehlakaniphile yokufeza izinto. Cabanga ukuthi kunomsebenzi omningi okufanele wenziwe emisebenzini, izimpahla kanye nengqalasizinda ukuze kube nedolobha elihlakaniphile ngempela, nokuthi lo msebenzi ungahunyushwa ube inguqulo ehlakaniphile. Kodwa-ke, ukufeza idolobha elihlakaniphile langempela kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngenxa yezici zomuntu ngamunye ezihilelekile.
Edolobheni elihlakaniphile, zonke lezi zindawo zixhumene, futhi lokhu akuyona into engafinyelelwa ngobusuku obubodwa. Kunezinkinga eziningi zesikhathi esidlule, njengeminye imisebenzi nemithethonqubo, kudingeka amakhono amasha, kudingeka ukuxhumeka okuningi, futhi kukhona ukuvumelanisa okuningi okufanele kwenziwe kuzo zonke izigaba (ukuphathwa kwedolobha, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, izinsizakalo zokuhamba, ukuphepha nokuvikeleka, ingqalasizinda yomphakathi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo kanye nezinkontileka, izinsizakalo zemfundo, njll.).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe kanye namasu, kusobala ukuthi sidinga nokugxila ekuphepheni, idatha enkulu, ukuhambahamba, ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuxhumana ngamafu, kanye nezihloko ezihlobene nolwazi. Kusobala ukuthi ulwazi, kanye nemisebenzi yokuphathwa kolwazi kanye nedatha, kubalulekile edolobheni elihlakaniphile lanamuhla nelakusasa.
Enye inselele engenakwenqatshwa yisimo sengqondo kanye nokuzimisela kwezakhamuzi. Futhi ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile kungenye yezithiyo. Ngalo mqondo, kuhle ukubona izinhlelo zikahulumeni, kungaba zezwe noma ezingaphandle kwezwe, eziqondene namadolobha ahlakaniphile noma i-ecology, noma eziqalwe ngabadlali bemboni, njengoHlelo lweCisco lwe-Urban Infrastructure Finance Acceleration.
Kodwa kusobala ukuthi lobu bunzima abuvimbeli ukukhula kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile namaphrojekthi amadolobha ahlakaniphile. Njengoba amadolobha abelana ngolwazi lwawo futhi ethuthukisa amaphrojekthi ahlakaniphile anezinzuzo ezicacile, anethuba lokukhulisa ulwazi lwawo nokufunda ekuhlulekeni okungenzeka. Benohlelo lomgwaqo oluhlanganisa abathintekayo abahlukahlukene, futhi lokhu kuzokwandisa kakhulu amathuba amaphrojekthi amadolobha ahlakaniphile amanje esikhathini esizayo esiqhubekayo, esihlanganisiwe.
Bheka umbono obanzi wamadolobha ahlakaniphile
Nakuba amadolobha ahlakaniphile ehlotshaniswa nobuchwepheshe ngokungenakugwenywa, umbono wedolobha elihlakaniphile ungaphezu kwalokho. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zedolobha elihlakaniphile ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanele ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila edolobheni.
Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni likhula, kudingeka kwakhiwe amadolobha amasha futhi izindawo zasemadolobheni ezikhona ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Uma zisetshenziswa kahle, ubuchwepheshe bubalulekile ekubhekaneni nalezi zinselele nokusiza ekuxazululeni izinselele eziningi ezibhekene namadolobha anamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kudalwe umhlaba wedolobha ohlakaniphile ngempela, kudingeka umbono obanzi.
Ochwepheshe abaningi babheka kabanzi amadolobha ahlakaniphile, kokubili ngokwemigomo kanye nobuchwepheshe, kanti abanye bangabiza noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lweselula oluthuthukiswe yinoma yimuphi umkhakha ngokuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lwedolobha elihlakaniphile.
1. Umbono womuntu ngale kobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile: ukwenza amadolobha abe yizindawo ezingcono zokuhlala
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bethu obuhlakaniphile buhlakaniphe kangakanani nokuthi buhlakaniphe kangakanani ukubusebenzisa, sidinga ukubhekana nezinto ezithile eziyisisekelo - abantu, ikakhulukazi ngezindlela ezi-5, okuhlanganisa ukuphepha nokwethembana, ukubandakanywa kanye nokubamba iqhaza, ukuzimisela ukushintsha, ukuzimisela ukuthatha isinyathelo, ubumbano lomphakathi, njll.
UJerry Hultin, i-cIoTman ye-Global Future Group, i-cIoTman ye-Smart City Expo World Congress Advisory Board, kanye nochwepheshe wedolobha elihlakaniphile onolwazi, uthe, “Singenza izinto eziningi, kodwa ekugcineni, sidinga ukuqala ngathi.”
Ubumbano lomphakathi luyisici somuzi abantu abafuna ukuhlala kuwo, bawuthande, bawukhule, bawufunde futhi bawukhathalele, okuyisici somhlaba wedolobha elihlakaniphile. Njengezikhonzi zamadolobha, izakhamuzi zinesifiso sokubamba iqhaza, ukushintsha, nokwenza okuthile. Kodwa emadolobheni amaningi, azizizwa zifakiwe noma ziceliwe ukuba zihlanganyele, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abathile kanye nasemazweni lapho kugxilwe kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bedolobha elihlakaniphile ukuthuthukisa umzimba womphakathi, kodwa kugxilwe kakhulu kumalungelo abantu ayisisekelo kanye nokubamba iqhaza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha, kodwa kuthiwani ngokuthembana? Ngemva kokuhlaselwa, iziyaluyalu zezombusazwe, izinhlekelele zemvelo, amahlazo ezombusazwe, noma ngisho nokungaqiniseki okuhambisana nezikhathi ezishintsha kakhulu emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele, akukho themba lokuthi ukwethembana kwabantu kuzoncipha kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile.
Yingakho kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubuntu bomuzi nezwe ngalinye; kubalulekile ukucabangela izakhamuzi ngazinye; futhi kubalulekile ukutadisha ukuguquguquka kwemiphakathi, amadolobha kanye namaqembu ezakhamuzi kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esikhulayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuxhumene emadolobheni ahlakaniphile.
2. Incazelo kanye nombono wedolobha elihlakaniphile ngokombono wokunyakaza
Umqondo, umbono, incazelo kanye neqiniso ledolobha elihlakaniphile lihlala lishintshashintsha.
Ngezindlela eziningi, kuyinto enhle ukuthi incazelo yedolobha elihlakaniphile ayisekelwe etsheni. Idolobha, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi indawo yasemadolobheni, liyizinto eziphilayo kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esinokuphila kwaso futhi sakhiwe yizinto eziningi ezihambayo, eziphilayo, nezixhumene, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi, abasebenzi, izivakashi, abafundi, njalo njalo.
Incazelo evumelekile yonke indawo "yedolobha elihlakaniphile" ibingayinaki indlela idolobha elishintshashintsha ngayo kakhulu, elishintshayo nelihlukahlukene ngayo.
Ukunciphisa amadolobha ahlakaniphile kube ubuchwepheshe obuthola imiphumela ngokusebenzisa amadivayisi axhunyiwe, izinhlelo, amanethiwekhi olwazi, kanye nokuqonda okuvela ekuhlakanipheni okusekelwe kudatha okuxhunyiwe nokusebenzayo kuyindlela eyodwa yokuchaza idolobha elihlakaniphile. Kodwa alinaki izinto ezahlukahlukene eziza kuqala emadolobheni nasezizweni, alinaki izici zamasiko, futhi libeka ubuchwepheshe phambili naphakathi kwemigomo ehlukahlukene.
Kodwa noma sigcina ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, kulula ukukhohlwa iqiniso lokuthi ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka futhi bushesha, kanye namathuba amasha avelayo, njengoba nje kuvela izinselele ezintsha ezingeni lamadolobha kanye nemiphakathi iyonke. Akuzona nje ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, kodwa futhi nemibono kanye nesimo sengqondo abantu abanaso ngalobo buchwepheshe, njengoba nje kunjalo ezingeni lamadolobha, imiphakathi kanye nezizwe iyonke.
Ngoba ezinye ubuchwepheshe zinikeza izindlela ezingcono zokuphatha amadolobha, ukukhonza izakhamuzi nokulungiselela izinselele zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Kwabanye, indlela izakhamuzi ezibandakanyeka ngayo kanye nendlela amadolobha aphathwa ngayo kuba okubaluleke kakhulu ezingeni lobuchwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke noma sinamathela encazelweni eyisisekelo yedolobha elihlakaniphile ezimpandeni zalo zobuchwepheshe, asikho isizathu sokuthi lokhu kungashintsha, futhi kuzoshintsha ngempumelelo njengoba imibono ngendima nendawo yobuchwepheshe iqhubeka nokukhula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadolobha nemiphakathi, kanye nemibono yamadolobha, akugcini nje ngokuhlukahluka kuye ngesifunda, indawo nendawo, ngisho naphakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu ngaphakathi kwedolobha, kodwa futhi kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-08-2023