[Ku-B noma cha Ku-B, lo ngumbuzo. -- Shakespeare]
Ngo-1991, uSolwazi we-MIT uKevin Ashton waqala ukuphakamisa umqondo we-Internet of Things.
Ngo-1994, indlu enkulu kaBill Gates ehlakaniphile yaqedwa, yethula imishini yokukhanyisa ehlakaniphile kanye nohlelo lokulawula izinga lokushisa oluhlakaniphile okokuqala. Imishini nezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile ziqala ukubonakala kubantu abavamile.
Ngo-1999, i-MIT yasungula i-“Automatic Identification Center”, eyaphakamisa ukuthi “konke kungaxhunyaniswa ngenethiwekhi”, futhi yacacisa incazelo eyisisekelo ye-Intanethi yezinto.
Ngo-Agasti 2009, uNdunankulu uWen Jiabao wabeka phambili i-“Sensing China”, i-iot yafakwa ohlwini ngokusemthethweni njengenye yezimboni ezinhlanu zezwe ezisafufusa, yabhalwa ku-“Government Work Report”, i-iot idonsele ukunaka okukhulu emphakathini wonke eShayina.
Ngemva kwalokho, imakethe ayisagcini nje ngamakhadi ahlakaniphile namamitha amanzi, kodwa igxile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, imikhiqizo ye-iot kusukela ngemuva kuya phambili, emehlweni abantu.
Phakathi neminyaka engama-30 yokuthuthukiswa kwe-Internet of Things, imakethe ibhekane nezinguquko eziningi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Umbhali wahlola umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-To C kanye ne-To B, wazama ukubheka okwedlule ngokombono wamanje, ukuze acabange ngekusasa le-Internet of things, lizoya kuphi?
Ku-C: Imikhiqizo emisha idonsela ukunaka komphakathi
Eminyakeni yokuqala, izinto zasekhaya ezihlakaniphile, eziqhutshwa yinqubomgomo, zazikhula njengamakhowe. Lapho nje le mikhiqizo yabathengi, njengezipikha ezihlakaniphile, amabhande ahlakaniphile namarobhothi acwebezelayo, ivele idumile.
· Isipikha esihlakaniphile sichitha umqondo wesipikha sasekhaya sendabuko, esingaxhunywa ngenethiwekhi engenantambo, sihlanganise imisebenzi efana nokulawula ifenisha kanye nokulawula amakamelo amaningi, futhi silethele abasebenzisi ulwazi olusha lokuzijabulisa. Izipikha ezihlakaniphile zibhekwa njengebhuloho lokuxhumana nemikhiqizo ehlakaniphile, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi zihlonishwe kakhulu yizinkampani eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezinkulu ezifana neBaidu, Tmall kanye ne-Amazon.
· Isongo esihlakaniphile se-Xiaomi ngemuva komdali, i-R&D kanye nokukhiqizwa kwethimba lobuchwepheshe be-Huami isilinganiso esinethemba, ukukhiqizwa kwebhendi ye-Xiaomi okungenani kuthengisa amayunithi ayisigidi esingu-1, imiphumela engaphansi konyaka emakethe, umhlaba uthengise amayunithi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10; Ibhendi yesizukulwane sesibili ithumele amayunithi ayizigidi ezingama-32, ibeka irekhodi lehadiwe ehlakaniphile yaseShayina.
· Irobhothi lokumopha phansi: wanelisekile ngemicabango yabantu ngokwanele, hlala kusofa ukuze ukwazi ukuqedela umsebenzi wasekhaya. Lokhu kudale negama elisha sha elithi "umnotho ovilaphayo", lingonga isikhathi somsebenzisi, uma nje liphuma lithandwa ngabathandi bomkhiqizo abaningi abahlakaniphile.
Isizathu sokuthi imikhiqizo ye-To C kulula ukuyiqhumisa eminyakeni yokuqala ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlakaniphile ngokwayo inomphumela we-hotspot. Abasebenzisi abanefenisha endala yamashumi eminyaka, uma bebona irobhothi elibanzi, amawashi esongo ahlakaniphile, izikhulumi ezihlakaniphile neminye imikhiqizo, bazoba ngaphansi kwesifiso sokwazi ukuthenga lezi zimpahla zesimanje, ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuvela kwezinkundla zokuxhumana ezahlukahlukene (isiyingi sabangane be-WeChat, i-weibo, isikhala se-QQ, i-zhihu, njll.) kuzoba yizimpawu ze-amplifier, imikhiqizo ehlakaniphile futhi isakazeke ngokushesha. Abantu banethemba lokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila ngemikhiqizo ehlakaniphile. Abakhiqizi abakhulisanga nje ukuthengisa kwabo, kodwa futhi nabantu abaningi sebeqalile ukunaka i-Intanethi yezinto.
Ekuboneni ikhaya elihlakaniphile, i-inthanethi nayo ithuthuka ngokugcwele, inqubo yayo yokuthuthukisa ikhiqize ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi isithombe somsebenzisi, laba yimbangela yokuqhuma okuqhubekayo kwekhaya elihlakaniphile. Ngokulawula okunembile kwabasebenzisi, susa izinkinga zabo, ukuphindaphinda kwekhaya elihlakaniphile elidala emisebenzini eminingi, iqembu elisha lemikhiqizo nalo liyavela ngokungapheli, imakethe iyachuma, inika abantu iphupho elihle.
Kodwa-ke, emakethe eshisayo, abanye abantu nabo bayazibona izimpawu. Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi bemikhiqizo ehlakaniphile, isidingo sabo siphezulu futhi sinentengo eyamukelekayo. Lapho ukulula sekuxazululiwe, abakhiqizi bazoqala ukunciphisa intengo yomkhiqizo, ukuze abantu abaningi bakwazi ukwamukela intengo yemikhiqizo ehlakaniphile, ukuze bafune imakethe eyengeziwe. Njengoba amanani omkhiqizo ehla, ukukhula komsebenzisi kufinyelela emaphethelweni. Kunenani elilinganiselwe labasebenzisi abazimisele ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo ehlakaniphile, futhi abantu abaningi banesimo sengqondo sokulondoloza ngemikhiqizo ehlakaniphile. Ngeke babe abasebenzisi bemikhiqizo ye-Intanethi Yezinto ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhula kwemakethe kubhajwa kancane kancane enkingeni.
Esinye sezibonakaliso ezibonakala kakhulu zokuthengiswa kwezindlu ezihlakaniphile yizikhiye zeminyango ezihlakaniphile. Eminyakeni yokuqala, isikhiye seminyango saklanywa i-B end. Ngaleso sikhathi, intengo yayiphezulu futhi yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngamahhotela asezingeni eliphezulu. Kamuva, ngemva kokuthandwa kwezindlu ezihlakaniphile, imakethe ye-C-terminal yaqala ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane ngokwanda kokuthunyelwa, futhi intengo yemakethe ye-C-terminal yehla kakhulu. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi yize imakethe ye-C-terminal ishisa, ukuthunyelwa okukhulu kunakho konke yizikhiye zeminyango ezihlakaniphile ezisezingeni eliphansi, kanti abathengi, ikakhulukazi abaphathi behhotela abasezingeni eliphansi kanye nabaphathi bezindlu zokuhlala zomphakathi, inhloso yokusebenzisa izikhiye zeminyango ezihlakaniphile ukwenza kube lula ukuphatha. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi “babuyele emuva ezwini labo”, futhi bayaqhubeka nokuzama ngokujulile ezimweni zehhotela, zokuhlala kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukuthengisa isikhiye seminyango esihlakaniphile kumqhubi wezindlu zokuhlala ehhotela, kungathengisa izinkulungwane zemikhiqizo ngesikhathi esisodwa, yize inzuzo yehlile, kodwa kunciphisa izindleko eziningi zokuthengisa.
Ku-B: IoT ivula ingxenye yesibili yomncintiswano
Ngokufika kobhubhane, umhlaba ubhekene nezinguquko ezinkulu ezingabonakali eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Njengoba abathengi beqinisa izimali zabo futhi bengafuni ukusebenzisa imali emnothweni ontengantengayo, ama-giants e-Internet of Things aphendukela ku-B-terminal efuna ukukhula kwemali engenayo.
Nakuba amakhasimende e-B-end efunwa kakhulu futhi azimisele ukusebenzisa imali ukunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwebhizinisi. Kodwa-ke, amakhasimende e-B-terminal avame ukuba nezidingo ezihlukene kakhulu, futhi amabhizinisi nezimboni ezahlukene zinezidingo ezahlukene zobuhlakani, ngakho-ke izinkinga ezithile zidinga ukuhlaziywa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umjikelezo wobunjiniyela wephrojekthi ye-B-end uvame ukuba mude, futhi imininingwane iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kunzima, izindleko zokuthunyelwa nokuthuthukiswa ziphezulu, kanti umjikelezo wokubuyiselwa kwephrojekthi mude. Kukhona nezinkinga zokuphepha kwedatha nezinkinga zobumfihlo okufanele zixazululwe, futhi ukuthola iphrojekthi eseceleni kwe-B akulula.
Kodwa-ke, uhlangothi lwe-B lwebhizinisi lunenzuzo enkulu, futhi inkampani encane yezixazululo ze-iot enamakhasimende ambalwa amahle ohlangothini lwe-B ingenza inzuzo eqhubekayo futhi isinde ubhubhane kanye nokuwohloka komnotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba i-inthanethi ikhula, ithalente eliningi embonini ligxile emikhiqizweni ye-SaaS, okwenza abantu baqale ukunaka kakhulu uhlangothi lwe-B. Ngenxa yokuthi i-SaaS yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi uhlangothi lwe-B luphindwe, iphinde inikeze umfudlana wenzuzo eyengeziwe (iqhubeka nokwenza imali ngezinsizakalo ezilandelayo).
Ngokuphathelene nemakethe, usayizi wemakethe ye-SaaS ufinyelele kuma-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-27.8 ngo-2020, ukwanda ngo-43% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2019, kanti usayizi wemakethe ye-PaaS udlule ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10, ukwanda ngo-145% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka odlule. Isizindalwazi, i-middleware kanye nezinsizakalo ezincane zakhula ngokushesha. Umfutho onjalo, udonsela ukunaka kwabantu.
Ku-ToB (I-Internet Yezinto Zezimboni), abasebenzisi abayinhloko bangamayunithi amaningi ebhizinisi, futhi izidingo eziyinhloko ze-AIoT ukuthembeka okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphepha. Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza zifaka phakathi ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, ukwelashwa okuhlakaniphile, ukuqapha okuhlakaniphile, isitoreji esihlakaniphile, ukuthutha okuhlakaniphile kanye nokupaka, kanye nokushayela okuzenzakalelayo. Lezi zinsimu zinezinkinga ezahlukahlukene, hhayi indinganiso engaxazululwa, futhi zidinga ukuba nolwazi, ukuqonda imboni, ukuqonda isofthiwe nokuqonda ukusetshenziswa kokubamba iqhaza kobungcweti, ukuze kufezwe ukuguqulwa kobuhlakani bezimboni kokuqala. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukukhuliswa. Ngokuvamile, imikhiqizo ye-iot ifaneleka kakhulu ezinkambeni ezinezidingo zokuphepha eziphezulu (njengokukhiqizwa kwezimayini zamalahle), ukunemba okuphezulu kokukhiqiza (njengokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha), kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokulinganisa umkhiqizo (njengezingxenye, amakhemikhali ansuku zonke kanye nezinye izindinganiso). Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-B-terminal iqale kancane kancane ukubekwa kulezi zinsimu.
Ku-C→Kuya ku-B: Kungani kukhona ushintsho olunje?
Kungani kukhona ushintsho oluvela ku-C-terminal luye ku-B-terminal Internet of Things? Umbhali ufingqa izizathu ezilandelayo:
1. Ukukhula kugcwele futhi abasebenzisi abanele. Abakhiqizi be-Iot balangazelela ukufuna umugqa wesibili wokukhula.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nane kamuva, i-Internet of Things yaziwa ngabantu, futhi izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu sezivele eShayina. Kukhona i-Xiaomi esencane, kukhona nokuguqulwa kancane kancane komholi wefenisha yendabuko uHalemy, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwekhamera evela eHaikang Dahua, kukhona futhi emkhakheni wemodyuli ozoba ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kweYuanyucom emhlabeni… Kumafektri amakhulu namancane, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Internet of Things kuyavinjelwa ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe labasebenzisi.
Kodwa uma ubhukuda ngokumelene nogesi, uzobuyela emuva. Kunjalo nangezinkampani ezidinga ukukhula okuqhubekayo ukuze zisinde ezimakethe eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi baqala ukwandisa ijika lesibili. I-Millet yakha imoto, njengoba kusho yena waphoqeleka ukuba angabi namandla; uHaikang Dahua, embikweni wonyaka uzoshintsha ibhizinisi buthule libe ngamabhizinisi ahlakaniphile; iHuawei ivinjelwe yi-United States futhi iphendukela emakethe ye-B-end. I-legion esungulwe kanye ne-Huawei Cloud yizindawo zokungena ukuze bangene emakethe ye-Intanethi Yezinto nge-5G. Njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu zithutheleka ku-B, kumele zithole indawo yokukhula.
2. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-terminal C, izindleko zemfundo ze-terminal B ziphansi.
Umsebenzisi ungumuntu oyinkimbinkimbi, ngesithombe somsebenzisi, angachaza ingxenye yokuziphatha kwakhe, kodwa akukho mthetho wokuqeqesha umsebenzisi. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukufundisa abasebenzisi, futhi izindleko zenqubo yemfundo kunzima ukuzibala.
Kodwa-ke, kumabhizinisi, abenzi bezinqumo bangabaphathi benkampani, kanti abaphathi ikakhulukazi bangabantu. Lapho bezwa ukuhlakanipha, amehlo abo ayakhanya. Badinga kuphela ukubala izindleko nezinzuzo, futhi bazoqala ngokuzenzekelayo ukufuna izixazululo zokuguqula ezihlakaniphile. Ikakhulukazi kule minyaka emibili, indawo ayilungile, ayikwazi ukuvula umthombo, inganciphisa izindleko kuphela. Futhi yilokho i-Internet of Things ekuhle kukho.
Ngokusho kwedatha ethile eqoqwe ngumbhali, ukwakhiwa kwefektri ehlakaniphile kunganciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi be-workshop yendabuko ngo-90%, kodwa futhi kunciphise kakhulu ingozi yokukhiqiza, kunciphise ukungaqiniseki okubangelwa yiphutha lomuntu. Ngakho-ke, umphathi onemali eseleyo esandleni sakhe, useqalile ukuzama ukuguqulwa okuhlakaniphile okungabizi kancane kancane, ezama ukusebenzisa indlela ezenzakalelayo kanye neyokwenziwa kancane kancane, kancane kancane. Namuhla, sizosebenzisa amathegi kagesi kanye ne-RFID yesilinganiso kanye nezimpahla. Kusasa, sizothenga izimoto eziningana ze-AGV ukuxazulula inkinga yokuphatha. Njengoba ukuzenzekela kwanda, imakethe ye-B-end iyavuleka.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwefu kuletha amathuba amasha kwi-Intanethi Yezinto.
I-Ali Cloud, eyokuqala ukungena emakethe yamafu, manje isihlinzeke ngefu ledatha kumabhizinisi amaningi. Ngaphezu kweseva eyinhloko yamafu, ifu le-Ali lithuthukise i-upstream ne-downstream. Uphawu lokuhweba lwegama lesizinda, ukuhlaziywa kokugcinwa kwedatha, ukuphepha kwamafu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nohlelo lokuguqulwa okuhlakaniphile, kungatholakala kuzixazululo ze-Ali Cloud ezivuthiwe. Kungashiwo ukuthi iminyaka yokuqala yokulima, isiqalile kancane kancane ukuba nesivuno, futhi inzuzo yonyaka evezwe embikweni wayo wezezimali inhle, ingumvuzo omuhle kakhulu wokulima kwayo.
Umkhiqizo oyinhloko we-Tencent Cloud uwukuxhumana nabantu. Ithatha inani elikhulu lezinsizakusebenza zamakhasimende ze-B-terminal ngezinhlelo ezincane, i-wechat pay, i-wechat yebhizinisi kanye nezinye i-ecology ezingaphandle. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ihlala ijulisa futhi iqinisa isikhundla sayo esivelele emkhakheni wezokuxhumana nabantu.
I-Huawei Cloud, njengomuntu ofika sekwephuzile, ingase ibe yisinyathelo esingemuva kwezinye iziqhwaga. Lapho ingena emakethe, iziqhwaga zase zigcwele kakade, ngakho-ke i-Huawei Cloud ekuqaleni kwesabelo semakethe, iyadabukisa. Kodwa-ke, ingatholakala kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kweminyaka yamuva nje, i-Huawei cloud isesemkhakheni wokukhiqiza ukulwa nesabelo semakethe. Isizathu ukuthi i-Huawei iyinkampani yokukhiqiza futhi ibucayi kakhulu ngobunzima embonini yokukhiqiza yezimboni, okwenza i-Huawei Cloud ixazulule ngokushesha izinkinga zebhizinisi kanye nezindawo ezibuhlungu. Yileli khono elenza i-Huawei Cloud ibe ngelinye lamafu amahlanu aphezulu emhlabeni.
Ngokukhula kwe-cloud computing, lezi ziqhwaga ziye zaqaphela ukubaluleka kwedatha. Ifu, njengomthwali wedatha, seliphenduke into ephikiswana ngayo nezimboni ezinkulu.
Ku-B: Imakethe iyaphi?
Ingabe likhona ikusasa le-B end? Lowo kungaba ngumbuzo osezingqondweni zabafundi abaningi abafunda lokhu. Kulokhu, ngokusho kocwaningo kanye nokulinganisa kwezikhungo ezahlukene, izinga lokungena kwe-B-terminal Internet yezinto lisephansi kakhulu, cishe liphakathi kuka-10%-30%, futhi intuthuko yemakethe isenendawo enkulu yokungena.
Nginamathiphu ambalwa okungena emakethe ye-B-end. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhetha insimu efanele. Amabhizinisi kufanele acabangele umbuthano wamandla lapho ibhizinisi lawo lamanje likhona khona, aqhubeke nokuthuthukisa ibhizinisi lawo eliyinhloko, anikeze izixazululo ezincane kodwa ezinhle, futhi axazulule izidingo zamakhasimende athile. Ngokuqongelela izinhlelo, ibhizinisi lingaba umsele walo omuhle kakhulu ngemva kokuvuthwa. Okwesibili, ebhizinisini le-B-end, ithalente libaluleke kakhulu. Abantu abangaxazulula izinkinga futhi balethe imiphumela bazoletha amathuba amaningi enkampanini. Okokugcina, ibhizinisi eliningi ohlangothini lwe-B aliyona into eyodwa. Izinsizakalo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kunganikezwa ngemuva kokuba iphrojekthi isiqediwe, okusho ukuthi kukhona umfudlana oqhubekayo wenzuzo okufanele imbiwe.
Isiphetho
Imakethe ye-Intanethi Yezinto ibilokhu ithuthuka iminyaka engama-30. Eminyakeni yokuqala, i-Intanethi Yezinto yayisetshenziswa kuphela ekupheleni kwe-B. I-NB-IOT, imitha yamanzi ye-LoRa kanye nekhadi elihlakaniphile le-RFID kwanikeza lula kakhulu emsebenzini wengqalasizinda njengokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, umoya wezimpahla zabathengi ezihlakaniphile uvunguza kakhulu, kangangokuthi i-Intanethi Yezinto idonsele ukunaka komphakathi futhi yaba yizimpahla zabathengi ezifunwa abantu isikhathi esithile. Manje, i-tuyere isihambile, ukuphela kwe-C kwemakethe kwaqala ukukhombisa ukuthambekela kokungaphatheki kahle, amabhizinisi amakhulu angokwesiprofetho aseqalile ukulungisa umnsalo, uye ekugcineni kwe-B futhi, enethemba lokuthola inzuzo eyengeziwe.
Ezinyangeni zakamuva nje, i-AIoT Star Map Research Institute yenze uphenyo olunemininingwane eminingi nolujulile kanye nokuhlaziywa embonini yezimpahla zabathengi ezihlakaniphile, futhi yaphinde yaveza umqondo "wokuphila okuhlakaniphile".
Kungani izindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezihlakaniphile, kunokuba ikhaya elihlakaniphile lendabuko? Ngemva kwenani elikhulu lezingxoxo nophenyo, abahlaziyi bemephu yezinkanyezi ze-AIoT bathole ukuthi ngemva kokubekwa kwemikhiqizo eyodwa ehlakaniphile, umngcele phakathi kwe-C-terminal kanye ne-B-terminal wafiphala kancane kancane, futhi imikhiqizo eminingi yabathengi ehlakaniphile yahlanganiswa futhi yathengiswa ku-B-terminal, kwakha uhlelo oluqondiswe esimweni esithile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngezindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezihlakaniphile lesi senzakalo sizochaza imakethe yanamuhla yasekhaya ehlakaniphile, enembe kakhudlwana.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-11-2022