(Inothi Lomhleli: Lesi sihloko, sihunyushwe kusuka ku-ulinkmedia.)
Izinzwa sezikhona yonke indawo. Zazikhona kudala ngaphambi kwe-inthanethi, futhi ngokuqinisekile kudala ngaphambi kwe-inthanethi yezinto (i-IoT). Izinzwa zesimanje ezihlakaniphile ziyatholakala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi kunanini ngaphambili, imakethe iyashintsha, futhi kuneziningi izinto ezibangela ukukhula.
Izimoto, amakhamera, ama-smartphone, kanye nemishini yasefektri esekela i-Intanethi Yezinto kumane nje kungenye yezimakethe eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zezinzwa.
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Izinzwa Ezweni Elibonakalayo le-inthanethi
Ngokufika kwe-Intanethi Yezinto, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kokukhiqiza (sikubiza ngokuthi i-Industry 4.0), kanye nemizamo yethu eqhubekayo yokuguqulwa kwedijithali kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomnotho kanye nomphakathi, izinzwa ezihlakaniphile ziyasetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene futhi imakethe yezinzwa ikhula ngokushesha nangokushesha.
Eqinisweni, ngandlela thile, izinzwa ezihlakaniphile ziyisisekelo "sangempela" se-Intanethi Yezinto. Kulesi sigaba sokusetshenziswa kwe-iot, abantu abaningi basachaza i-iot ngokwezinto ezisetshenziswa yi-iot. I-Intanethi Yezinto ivame ukubhekwa njengenethiwekhi yamadivayisi axhunyiwe, kufaka phakathi izinzwa ezihlakaniphile. Lawa madivayisi angabizwa nangokuthi amadivayisi okuzwa.
Ngakho-ke zifaka phakathi obunye ubuchwepheshe obufana nezinzwa kanye nokuxhumana okungalinganisa izinto futhi kuguqule lokho okukulinganisayo kube idatha engasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Inhloso kanye nomongo wohlelo lokusebenza (isibonelo, ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana busetshenziswa kanjani) kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinzwa ezisetshenziswayo.
Izinzwa kanye nezinzwa ezihlakaniphile – Yini esetshenziswayo?
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Izincazelo zezinzwa kanye nezinzwa ezihlakaniphile
Izinzwa namanye amadivayisi e-IoT ayingqimba eyisisekelo ye-stack yobuchwepheshe be-IoT. Zibamba idatha edingwa izinhlelo zethu zokusebenza bese ziyidlulisela ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana eziphakeme, zesikhulumi. Njengoba sichaza esethulweni sethu sobuchwepheshe be-iot, "iphrojekthi" ye-iot ingasebenzisa izinzwa eziningi. Uhlobo nenani lezinzwa ezisetshenziswayo kuncike ezidingweni zephrojekthi kanye nobuhlakani bephrojekthi. Thatha umshini kawoyela ohlakaniphile: ungaba nezinzwa ezingamashumi ezinkulungwane.
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Incazelo Yezinzwa
Izinzwa ziyiziguquli, njengababizwa ngokuthi ama-actuator. Izinzwa ziguqula amandla kusuka kwesinye isimo ziye kwesinye. Kuma-smart sensors, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinzwa zingakwazi "ukuzwa" izimo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamadivayisi ezixhunywe kuwo kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezizisebenzisayo (izimo kanye nezindawo).
Izinzwa zingabona futhi zilinganise lezi zinhlaka, izehlakalo, noma izinguquko bese zixhumana nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nakwamanye amadivayisi angasebenzisa idatha ukuze aqondise, ahlaziye, njalo njalo.
Inzwa iyithuluzi elithola, elilinganisa, noma elibonisa noma yiliphi inani elithile elibonakalayo (njengokukhanya, ukushisa, ukunyakaza, umswakama, ingcindezi, noma into efanayo) ngokuziguqula zibe yiluphi olunye uhlobo (ikakhulukazi ama-pulse kagesi) (kusuka ku-United Market Research Institute).
Amapharamitha kanye nemicimbi izinzwa ezingayizwa futhi ziyikhulume ifaka phakathi ubuningi obubonakalayo njengokukhanya, umsindo, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, ukudlidliza, umswakama, ukuba khona kwekhemikhali ethile noma igesi, ukunyakaza, ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya zothuli, njll.
Ngokusobala, izinzwa ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-Intanethi Yezinto futhi zidinga ukuba nembaba kakhulu ngoba izinzwa ziyindawo yokuqala yokuthola idatha.
Uma inzwa futhi ithumela ulwazi, i-actuator iyavuselelwa futhi iyasebenza. I-actuator ithola isignali bese isetha ukunyakaza ekudingayo ukuze ithathe isinyathelo endaweni ezungezile. Isithombe esingezansi senza kube sobala futhi sibonisa ezinye zezinto "esingazizwa". Izinzwa ze-IoT zihlukile ngoba zithatha isimo samamojula ezinzwa noma amabhodi okuthuthukisa (ngokuvamile aklanyelwe izimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza) njalo njalo.
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Incazelo ye-Smart Sensor
Igama elithi “smart” lisetshenziswe namanye amagama amaningi ngaphambi kokuba lisetshenziswe ne-Internet of Things. Izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okuhlakaniphile, amakhaya ahlakaniphile, amabhalbhu okukhanya ahlakaniphile, amadolobha ahlakaniphile, izibani zasemgwaqweni ezihlakaniphile, amahhovisi ahlakaniphile, amafektri ahlakaniphile njalo njalo. Futhi, vele, izinzwa ezihlakaniphile.
Izinzwa ezihlakaniphile zihlukile kuzinzwa ngoba izinzwa ezihlakaniphile ziyizinkundla ezithuthukisiwe ezinobuchwepheshe obungaphakathi njenge-microprocessors, isitoreji, ukuxilonga kanye namathuluzi okuxhumana aguqula izimpawu zempendulo zendabuko zibe ukuqonda kwedijithali kwangempela (i-Deloitte)
Ngo-2009, i-International Frequency Sensors Association (IFSA) yahlola abantu abaningana abavela kwezemfundo kanye nasezimbonini ukuze ichaze inzwa ehlakaniphile. Ngemva kokushintshela ezimpawini zedijithali ngawo-1980 kanye nokwengezwa kobuchwepheshe obusha obuningi ngawo-1990, izinzwa eziningi zazingabizwa ngokuthi izinzwa ezihlakaniphile.
Iminyaka yawo-1990 nayo yabona ukuvela komqondo "wokubala okusabalele", okubhekwa njengento ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Intanethi Yezinto, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukubala okuhlanganisiwe kuthuthuka. Cishe maphakathi nawo-1990, ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe bedijithali kanye nobuchwepheshe obungenantambo kumamojula ezinzwa kwaqhubeka nokukhula, futhi ukudluliswa kwedatha ngokusekelwe ekuzweleni nokunye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu. Namuhla, lokhu kusobala kwi-Intanethi Yezinto. Eqinisweni, abanye abantu bakhulume ngamanethiwekhi ezinzwa ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi i-Intanethi Yezinto libe khona. Ngakho-ke, njengoba ubona, kuningi okwenzekile endaweni yezinzwa ezihlakaniphile ngo-2009.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-04-2021